Platos Theory of Knowledge Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Platos Theory of Knowledge - Term Paper Example The last hypothesis that he showed up at was that information is genuine conviction which has been â€Å"given a record of† †which implies an a clarification of definition has been given of it. The hypothesis of information being supported genuine conviction says that on the off chance that one is to realize that some plan is in fact right, the individual ought just believe it to be valid as well as he ought to have a consistent reason for that. One impact coming about because of such a thought is, that one would not be picking up information just in light of the fact that he thinks something that was valid. Dispassionate Version Plato’s hypothesis of information has been given in Theaetetus and it ends up being a substitute to the hypothesis that Protagoras had proposed. Plato’s hypothesis portrays reality to be the norm and conviction and discernment can be estimated against it. It is the means by which we see reality that prompts the production of convict ion. One interesting point here, before pushing forward, is that Plato’s hypothesis of information happens to be a hypothesis of mistake just as there is consistently a chance of misperceiving reality and prompting an off base conviction. Something else is that there is no closeness between evident conviction and information, in spite of the fact that there could be a genuine conviction only through karma. For there to be a fair and genuine information on reality there is a prerequisite of there being a right conviction just as enough evidence for that conviction. Plato has recognized that avocation and conviction don't have any genuine connection with one another. There can't be any ideal method of ensuring that the confirmation we have is sufficient. The historical backdrop of reasoning has disclosed a few battles embraced for the remedy of this nonattendance. Logical technique is an arrangement of building proof by testing conviction against perception (perception).â Thi s was the record of Plato. Protagorean relativism says: Of everything the measure is Man, of the things that will be, that they are, and of the things that are not, that they are not (Lloyd and Pellegrin 204) According to Plato a hypothesis by Protagoras was the premise of this announcement and it thinks about that information and discernment are one and same (Schmitt 11). Plato called attention to that the suggestion drawn from this announcement is that there is no distinction among appearance and truth and an individual can never say what he knows isn't right. As an analogy, somebody solid and fine would see a wine as sweet yet a similar individual, when unwell, might locate exactly the same wine to taste harsh. The reality of the situation is that the wine isn't sweet of severe in itself; the taste emerges exactly when the individual sees it to be such and such because of specific conditions. As a matter of fact, there is no changeless, interminable, truth by any stretch of the i magination. The truth appears and shapes into articles and highlights when the individual follows up on it in the wake of having seen it. There is a thought of our psyches making our own existence. This thought is very well known in the current world and writing furthermore this even in the advanced records of constructivist instructive hypothesis. Information as Perception If we draw out an examination between this idea of information and the one that Plato proposed through his hypothesis we would see them as very unique; truth be told, they are restricting each other from multiple points of view. Protagorean hypothesis is known as Relativism because of the way that information and acting naturally holds its reliance on relations that exist

FE College teaching Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

FE College educating - Case Study Example This report will as a matter of first importance have a natural way to deal with a portion of the writing before the Learning and Skills Act (2000) and the Success for All approach (2002), particularly to Ann Briggs and her investigation on the job of center directors in further training. Along these lines, following on a record of the general segment and social factors that portray the number of inhabitants in West London, we will target reaching pertinent inferences on the impact that the Learning and Skills Act and the Success for All program has on steady improvement of educating here. The second piece of the paper will point an impartial methodology on rivalry versus joint effort between the FE College I instruct in and other pertinent Post Compulsory units in the zone, making on applicable inferences to help great practice identified with quality improvement. Before the two significant changes in 2000 and 2002 recently referenced alluding to FE units, change started during the 90s, when the FE universities in Britain were made free of the Local Education Authority (LEA) regarding command over account or human asset. This implied both that the FE schools were completely capable both for the best possible administration of capacities, for example, account or human asset and that (particularly after the making of the Further Education Funding College in 2001) they needed to authoritatively act so as to be qualified for funding3. With regards to our paper, this has a few distinct ramifications. As a matter of first importance, we can bring up towards the requirement for consistent quality improvement and improvement of the general execution at the FE universities. Second of all, we note the advancement of a specific rivalry between various schools in a similar territory, the need to perform well in the school assessments and reviews and improve their appraisals with the FE Funding College (important for our subsequent part, alluding to rivalry versus cooperation between schools). The principal suggestion we have alluded to has lead to critical writing in the region of characterizing the ideas of managerialism and demonstrable skill, at first portrayed by Lumby and Tomlinson as oppositional cultures4. As Briggs further calls attention to, there are a few degrees of responsibility that should be recollected when alluding to FE schools and their exhibitions. There is the political responsibility (utilization of open assets), advertise responsibility (dependable to the market, the clients, the partners), proficient or social accountability5. Following the Success for All program of 2002, the primary objectives that the program moved toward incorporated a (1) change in design so it meets the future needs of students, bosses and networks, (2) a drive up of gauges of further instruction and preparing and (3) to guarantee that the last beneficiaries of open financing (the FE universities) convey a particular and powerful commitment to the Government's instructive strategies6. The Learning and Skills Act of 2000 follows, pretty much, a similar heading (or rather spreads it out), bearing extra managerial segments with the creation and the meaning of

General Essay Topics For Government Exams

General Essay Topics For Government ExamsThe primary goal of essay topics for govt exams is to gauge the level of comprehension of the students on a particular topic. A more detailed explanation can be found at the end of this article.General essay topics for govt exams are normally given in classes and homework assignments. In this type of essay, students are allowed to write about any subjects that are related to government services or the central government departments and their activities.The basic principle behind this type of writing is to promote better understanding of the subjects covered in class. It is also intended to put the students in touch with their basic knowledge about a subject. The basic ideas that are conveyed are facts, rules, systems, methods, ideologies, theories, laws, ideals, principles, and thoughts on the same.In general essay topics for govt exams, the focus is not only on the learning but on the development of an individual's ability to work independent ly. This makes the student feel they are contributing something to the society by writing an essay on a particular subject. It also allows them to participate actively in the whole course of discussion by choosing the correct quotes from the material given in class.The key idea is to be able to recognize and appreciate the importance of the subject as compared to other subjects. It is also important to recognize and appreciate the importance of all other subjects like history, literature, science, and technology. Thus, when writing an essay for the purpose of essays for govt exams, the essay topics for govt exams should discuss the relationship between various subjects such as government, economics, arts, etc.General essay topics for govt exams can also be written on the relationship between science and technology. Science can be defined as the study of nature and how it affects our life. This can be considered the foremost example of a human activity, which is seen on all levels of society.If a student writes an original essay on the same subject as that given in class, he/she is considered to be an expert in that field. In general essay topics for govt exams, these experts are used to educate students on various theories of science. In this way, they help students to understand more about scientific principles and learn the process of discovery in this field.Essay topics for govt exams should not only be written by experts but must include some common sense and general ideas on how the world works. Some things to remember before doing essay topics for govt exams include making your essay interesting, including knowledge obtained from different schools of thought, using factual statements, and ensuring that the essay is clear and complete. It is good to be able to create a topic for writing your own essay topics for govt exams.

Yellowstone Volcano - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1224 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/08/02 Category Environment Essay Level High school Tags: Volcano Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Yellowstone National Park is located in the Rocky Mountains in Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. It is a popular park because it is home to over 10,000 features, several mountain ridges, headwater of 3 major western river system (?, 2015). Nevertheless, to say that is a beautiful place to visit, millions of visitors are unaware that they are standing in the largest, most explosive volcanoes ever to exist. It is important for people to be informed of the geologic aspects and the effects of the Yellowstone volcano. Geologic aspects Tectonic setting The tectonic setting of the Yellowstone volcano sits atop of a continental hotspot. While North America plates moved west they slowly moved over the hotspot that is now below Yellowstone [IJ1](Volcano World, n.d). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Yellowstone Volcano" essay for you Create order Activity The Yellowstone volcano has not erupted recently it is considered to be active. Although Yellowstone volcano is active, it is unlikely to erupt in the next thousand or even 10,000 years (Yellowstone Volcano, n.d). Such activities as ground motion, earthquakes, and hydrothermal activities are proof that the volcano is active (Lowenstern, Christianse, Smith, Morgan, and Heasler, 2005). It is estimated that about 1,000 to 3,000 earthquakes occur under Yellowstone each year (?, 2015). Magma Most of Yellowstone volcano eruptions has produced giant volcanic eruptions (Lowenstern, Christianse, Smith, Morgan, and Heasler, 2005). When eruptions take place the common magma present is silicic. Much of the composition of Yellowstone volcano lava is composed of rhyolite and basalt (An Overview of Yellowstone, n.d). To be precise, about 30 eruptions of rhyolitic lava moved around/ flew while other flows contained rhyolite and basalt that were expelled outside the caldera (Lowenstern, Christianse, Smith, Morgan, and Heasler, 2005). Considering the Yellowstone volcano is active, there has been non explosive eruptions. Some eruptions that have occurred about 27 of them rhyolite lava flew in the caldera, 13 rhyolite lavas flew outside the caldera and 40 basalt vents outside the caldera [IJ2](USGS, n.d). Type of volcano The Yellowstone volcano is a volcanic caldera and supervolcano(). [IJ3]Since its a supervolcano it is capable of exploding more than 240 cubic miles of magma (Yellowstone Volcano, n.d). How often it erupts Since the first to the last eruption of the Yellowstone volcano, we can calculate that the eruptions were separated in time by several tens of thousands of years. To be precise, the recurrence interval is about 6000,000 to 800,000 years (USGS, n.d). Based in Yellowstone past eruptions, the probability of another caldera- forming eruption is only 0.00014% (Volcano, n.d.). Although scientist dont know when will Yellowstone volcano will erupt again, scientist from Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO) observe an array of monitor [IJ4]in the region. These monitors are fit to detect any sudden or strong movement of shifts in the area that could indicate activity in the Yellowstone volcano (Yellowstone Volcano, n.d). Precursors From the past eruptions, there was not information of any precursors to those eruptions. However, now there are precursors to eruptions in the Yellowstone volcano. The precursors include strong earthquakes swarms and rapid ground deformation (Yellowstone Volcano, n.d). Also, ground movement can be a precursor to magma moving towards the surface (USGS, n.d). Good news is that due to these precursors, the eruptions will not occur right away, it will typically take days to weeks before the eruption (Yellowstone Volcano, n.d). Description of eruptions From the history of the three-enormous caldera forming eruption that took place 2.1 million and 640,000 years ago, tiny particles of volcanic debris were presented in which it covered much of the western half of North America (Volcano, n.d.). At first when the eruptions occurred immense volumes of magma erupted at the surface and into the atmosphere as a variety of volcanic red-got pumice, volcanic ash, and gas spread as pyroclastic flows flew everywhere (Lowenstern, Christianse, Smith, Morgan, and Heasler, 2005). As the wind carried sulfur aerosol and ash particles around the Earth it might of have cause a decrease in temperatures around the globe (). Not to mention that the effect of the rapid withdrawals of the large volumes of magma below the Earths surface caused the ground to collapse, swallowing mountains and originated calderas (Lowenstern, Christianse, Smith, Morgan, and Heasler, 2005). Effects on people/ environment Major eruptions Yellowstone volcano major eruptions were capable of obscuring parts of North America continent with ash and debris (USGS, n.d). The first major eruption occurred 2.1 million years ago, the eruption was enormous that it was considered one of the five largest eruption on Earth that created caldera more than 60 miles across (Lowenstern, Christianse, Smith, Morgan, and Heasler, 2005). The eruption produced about 600 cubic miles of rock and ash An Overview of Yellowstone, n.d). As a result of the widespread volcanic deposits, it created the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff (Lowenstern, Christianse, Smith, Morgan, and Heasler, 2005). Moreover, the most recent eruption occurred 640,000 years ago. The eruption produced huge volumes of volcanic ash that were blasted into the atmosphere. In addition, it created 35-mile-wide and 50 long Yellowstone calderas (Lowenstern, Christianse, Smith, Morgan, and Heasler, 2005). After the eruption, the ground collapsed into the magma reservoir, creating a caldera 75 km long and 55 km wide (Volcano, n.d). As we can see [IJ5]each of these eruptions created a sizable caldera (USGS, n.d). Concerns now/ Hazards A concern that people have is how big an eruption of the Yellowstone volcano would be like. It is believed that the eruption would impact the entire world not just Teton Country. Some hazards include the loss of lifes, damage to property, cascading events, long and expensive recovery effort and economic losses (Volcano, n.d.). Expected for next eruption Even though there is not a set date of when Yellowstone volcano will erupt, people expect the eruption to be big. If an eruption occurs, it would produce thick ash deposits that would bury a huge area of the United States and injection of huge volumes of volcanic gases that will get high in the atmosphere resulting an effect on global climate (Lowenstern, Christianse, Smith, Morgan, and Heasler, 2005). But others believe that the eruption will be hydrothermal. Even though the eruption would be small it will still be an explosive eruption since it can occur from shallow reservoirs of steam or hot water. This eruption will produce lava flows of either rhyolite or basalt. If it happens to be a rhyolite lava flows, then it incorporates explosive phases that create significant volumes of volcanic ash and pumice (USGS, n.d.). Current state of the volcano As on April 2, 2018, the Yellowstone volcano alert level is normal (USGS, n.d). Warning systems Most scientist believe that the buildup preceding a catastrophic eruption would be detectable for weeks or even months to years. Being said this, there isnt any information of any warning systems in place. But if there is are any signs of an eruption, the park would communicate accurate and timely information to visitors, employees, surrounding communities, media outlets [IJ6](Yellowstone Volcano, n.d). Conclusion In conclusion, Yellowstone volcano is considered to be active even if it hasnt erupted recently. It is important to know that it is one of the largest and most explosive volcanoes on the planet. The eruptions of this volcano have caused damages that we could not see but it is safe to say that we wont see one any time soon. Being informed of the Yellowstone volcano gives a deeper insight of how the Yellowstone National Park came to form.

A Business Leader Of The 21st Century - 2802 Words

Executive Summary The purpose of this assignment was to critically evaluate and analyse a business leader of the 21st century. For this particular study, the leadership of Bill Gates (Gates) will be discussed and his role in creating a company as big as Microsoft. Bill Gates, a visionary, was responsible for creating this company from the beginning (1975) and has since became one of the world s wealthiest and richest man. Gates was well known for being extremely intelligent and discontinuing his studies at Harvard to pursue the Microsoft vision. This paper seeks to evaluate the leadership concepts and theories whilst also discussing relevant contingency models in respect to the leader (Gates), followers and situations. The paper concludes with Gates being an inspiration and transformational leader in what was and what is still, one of the most dynamic industries in the world. Table of Contents Introduction 3 Bill Gates Evaluation 4 Leadership Traits of Bill Gates 5 The Interactional Framework 5 Role Theory 5 Multiple-Influence Model 5 The Action - Observation-Reflection Model 5 Normative Decision Model 5 Situational Leadership Model 5 Leading Differently Then Bill Gates 11 Conclusion 11 References 13 Introduction Leadership could be considered a process, not a position, so it is important to understand that all leaders vary in the way they will lead. Leadership can be loosely defined as the process of influencing an organised group towards accomplishing it sShow MoreRelatedLeadership Of A 21st Century Business Leader2754 Words   |  12 Pagestheories and models critically evaluate and analyse the leadership of a 21st century business leader. If you were in the position of the leader, what could you do to be a better leader and make a stronger impact on the followers and the situation/s? 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No matter whatRead MoreThe 21st Century Manager Needs More710 Words   |  3 Pagesunderstanding that managers of the 21st century need certain theories to help and support the work place, theories such as Maslow, Hertzberg , Elton mayo ,Beldins , John Adair , Isabel Briggs, Dougles Mc Gregor, Tajfel , Tuckmen , Jung , bloom. The 21st century manager has an immense importance in the workplace because; they have the responsibility to make sure teams are working effectively to develop and achieving individual goals in the workplace, to meet them business aims and objectives. In this

The Analysis The The Gibbons Essay - 1518 Words

The ‘Trio’ are three qualified (bachelor of communications) designers who have come up with a hit bi-monthly animation, â€Å"The Gibbons†. It is comprised of two distinctive characters and has raised a cult following of cartoon fans aged fourteen to twenty-three while being free to view. The two characters from the animation are very unique and portray a style that has made the animation and instant classic. Each member of the trio is an animation artist and they evenly distribute the workload. From a managerial perspective, it is important to protect the Trio’s intellectual property. In this essay I will take on a managerial perspective and analyse copyright, creative commons, and trademarking/passing off to find out the most suitable protection for the trio’s intellectual property. The Trio’s creative output could potentially be copyrighted to protect their intellectual property. For starters, they and their product meet the four main conditions to satisfy for copyright protection; the item must be copyrightable, the item must be sufficiently copyrightable, the author must be a qualified person, and the item must exist to some extent of tangibility (Bainbridge, D. 2006). Because the animation itself is uploaded on the internet, it is considered tangible and therefore subject to be copyrighted. The three members of the Trio have graduated from a bachelor’s degree in communications, which covers a range of topics including visual material. This means that they are qualified toShow MoreRelatedGibbons versus Proctor Case Analysis960 Words   |  4 Pagesthe minds requires presence of the knowledge of the offer. If we follow the foreign jurisdiction, Jonathan is highly unlikely to be able to claim the reward. However, it has been suggested that knowle dge is not a prerequisite to accept an offer in Gibbons v Proctor. This is because good deed must be rewarded and the return of the Minnie is a form of factual benefit to David, therefore it is suffice to enforce a promise. Hence, Jonathan has the right to claim the reward if he chooses to do so. On theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Watchmen By Dave Gibbons1463 Words   |  6 PagesWatchmen written by Alan Moore and illustrated by Dave Gibbons utilizes the literary tool of symbols to connect ideas and themes. Time is a major theme throughout the comic and plays a significant part in the structure and outcome of the story. This theme is successfully coupled to the theme of destiny by the use of the clock and other symbols that are present throughout the comic. Symbols such as clocks, the smiley pin, and the graffiti are utilized to efficiently connect the themes of time, justiceRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Watchmen By Moore And Gibbons1114 Words   |  5 Pagesconcise, every n ation would have an identical criminal codes. 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Avoidant Personality Disorder Essay Research Paper Avoidant free essay sample

Avoidant Personality Disorder Essay, Research Paper Avoidant Personality Disorder, ( APD ) , is one of the most socially impeding types of psychological jobs known to humanity. From the minute a individual is born, they begin to develop their ain individuality, their ain personality. Many different factors come into drama during the development of one? s personality. Unfortunately, each single personality may besides incorporate a personality upset. The American Psychiatric Association describes APD as? a persuasive form of societal suppression, feelings of insufficiency, and hypersensitivity to negative rating, get downing in childhood and nowadays in a assortment of contexts? . When a individual views himself or herself as socially awkward, personally unsympathetic, or inferior to others, these are all considered symptoms of APD. Other symptoms of APD include: the involuntariness to be involved in activities with others unless there is a certainty of being liked, a changeless preoccupation with being criticized or rejected in societal state of affairss, and the vacillation to prosecute in new activities for the fright that they may turn out abashing ( Kantor, 16 ) . Although many people with this upset still have the ability to associate to others suitably, that is non ever the instance. In some instances, a individual with APD may stop up populating a life of close isolation ( Kantor, 19 ) . Avoidants, people that suffer from APD, use these traits to ache others in an emotional facet so that they can avoid a close relationship with them. They like to expose their ill will in an? unfastened? mode by dissing people who try to be friendly. The concluding behind this behaviour is really simple. By the avoidants originating the first rejection, they are besides able to project themselves off from the other individual at the same clip. This brings about the consequence of the avoidant rejecting themself, instead than confront rejection from the other individual. The basic rule behind all of this rejection is the thought that if the other individual is rejected foremost, the avoidant finds their ain rejection less painful because they did non like that individual anyhow ( Costello, 74 ) . Most of the clip avoidants reject people who would hold neer rejected them in the first topographic point ( Costello, 66 ) . It is the fright of possible rejection that drives them to make thi s. Another affected component in an avoidant # 8217 ; s life is their address form. In fact, most avoidants use frequent intermissions, and talk really slow, while other avoidants may seek to be? surpassing? , perchance due to the false belief that uninterrupted speaking will forestall decease, an avoidants worst fright ( Kantor, 105 ) . APD sick persons have trouble beginning and maintaining relationships. Avoidants will frequently prove others to find whether they are being true in their friendly relationship. Because they may often see rejection where it does non be, the people tested tend to neglect these? trials? and so subsequently are avoided, once more based in the fright that they may reject or mortify those with APD ( Costello, 72 ) . In some instances, avoidants may seek to be a perfectionist and reject anyone who does non populate up to their perfect criterions. Some people that have APD even believe that they must avoid familiarity because giving love to others reduces the energy they have available for themselves and that they need for their ain life ( Akhtar, 34 ) . Avoidants tend to hold low self-prides and believe that they are unworthy of being in successful relationships ( Long ) . Experts have connected heredity and antenatal maternal factors with APD. There is scientific grounds that proves that a kid that lives in a timid environment in babyhood is prone to develop APD subsequently in life ( Costello, 46 ) . Another of import factor that contributes to the development of APD is parental rejection. Parental Rejection can destruct a kid? s optimism, go forthing them with feelings of societal isolation. A common inquiry that a forsaken kid might inquire would be, ? If my parents won? T accept me, so who will? ? A 2nd factor that APD can be derived from is peer rejection ( Costello, 47 ) . When a kid? s friends begin to joke and do merriment of them, avoidants begin to knock themselves. When kids can non turn to their equals or parents for a relationship, they learn to get by with rejection by pulling their outward emotions inward. APD normally surfaces in the ulterior adolescent old ages to early maturity. An equal sum of both work forces and adult females are affected by this upset ( Akhtar, 05 ) . Harmonizing to a survey by Greenberg A ; Stravynski, more work forces are being referred for professional aid than adult females are ( Akhtar, 06 ) . One possible ground for the difference in this demographic is that society normally expects work forces to be the instigators in relationships with adult females. Presently, there are two major divisions of interventions for this personality upset: pharmacological and psychotherapy therapy. Depending whether the patient is self-destructive or non find how the head-shrinker, or healer, will make up ones mind to handle the person. All methods of intervention Begin with the hardening of an confederation between the patient and healer to forestall early frights of rejection. Doctors can, and frequently do, order many different types of medicine for patients enduring from APD. These drugs autumn under the categorization of antidepressants. Imipramine, desipramine hydrochloride, Adapin, Librium, and Valium are some common antidepressants ( Akhtar, 02 ) . One method used in psychotherapeutics is avoidance decrease. Avoidance decrease is a technique in which an avoidant is easy introduced into accepting environments small by small ( Costello, 111 ) . It is similar to techniques found in other types of psychotherapeuticss. There are three chief attacks used in turning away decrease: supportive therapy, positive remarks, and reassurance ( Long ) . These three attacks give the patient encouragement to prosecute in what seems to be normal, mundane activity. The sarcasm comes in the fact that avoidants are non likely to travel to a support group or go to regular assignments with a healer because of their enormous fright of rejection. All successful methods of intervention must get down with the hardening of an confederation between the patient and healer in order to forestall premature frights of rejection. Bibliographies: 1. Akhtar, Salman. Broken Structures: Personality Disorders A ; Their Treatment. Jason Aronson, Inc. : York, PA 2000. 2. Bayer, Linda N. Personality Disorders. Macmillan Publishing: New York, NY 2000. 3. Costello, Charles G. Personality Characteristics of the Personality Disordered. Wiley A ; Sons, Inc. : New York, New York 1995 4. Kantor, Martin. Distancing: A Guide to Avoidance and Avoidant Personality Disorder. Praeger Publishers: Westport, CN 1993 5. Long, Phillip MD. ? Avoidant Personality Disorder? . Online: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mentalhealth.com/dis/p20-pe08.html Updated: 2001 ( 11-20-01 ) Bibliography Bibliographies: 1. Akhtar, Salman. Broken Structures: Personality Disorders A ; Their Treatment. Jason Aronson, Inc. : York, PA 2000. 2. Bayer, Linda N. Personality Disorders. Macmillan Publishing: New York, NY 2000. 3. Costello, Charles G. Personality Characteristics of the Personality Disordered. Wiley A ; Sons, Inc. : New York, New York 1995 4. Kantor, Martin. Distancing: A Guide to Avoidance and Avoidant Personality Disorder. Praeger Publishers: Westport, CN 1993 5. Long, Phillip MD. ? Avoidant Personality Disorder? . Online: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mentalhealth.com/dis/p20-pe08.html Updated: 2001 ( 11-20-01 )